Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Assays

For the fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance assays, and insulin tolerance exam as described by Amir [21 (link)]. After 12 weeks of treatment, fasted mice (16 h, paper bedding) by monitoring glucose levels after a glucose bolus (1 g/kg of body weight (BW)) or insulin (0.5 U/kg BW) by intraperitoneal (IP) injection. The exam of glucose was carried from fasted (4–16 h) or re-fed animals (15 min to 1 h). Re-feeding was conducted by injecting a bolus of glucose (1 g/kg of BW) IP as mentioned above. The first drop of blood was thrown away and then the second drop of blood was detected by the glucometer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). We collected the tail blood samples at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after glucose loading and detected the blood glucose value by the glucometer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany).