Detailed ELISA-Based Biomarker Analysis

BioVision (Waltham, MA, USA) provided the ELISA kits for assessing IL-6 (interleukin 6; K4145-100) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor, ab285327) with sensitivity values of 1 and 5 pg/mL, respectively [20 (link)]. The levels of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs; ab289842) in SYF were detected using commercial colorimetric kits provided by BioVision (Waltham, MA, USA) according to the method outlined in [21 (link)]. The serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), osteocalcin, (matrix metalloproteinases) MMP-1, and cathepsin K were estimated using a specialized sandwich ELISA kit (RayBiotech, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Prostaglandin (PGE2) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were measured in rat serum using a quantitative competitive ELISA kit (Cusabio, Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer’s guidelines.