Color attributes of AASC, LASC, and CASC samples were determined as described by Ismail et al. [56 (link)] using a colorimeter (ColorFlex CX2379, HunterLab, Reston, VA, USA). The attributes examined were L* (lightness), a* (redness: green to red), and b* (yellowness: blue to yellow). The whiteness index (WI) of the extracted collagens was calculated using the following formula [57 (link)].
WI=100  [(100  L*)2+(a*2)+(b*2)]0.5
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