Immunoblotting was performed on cell lysates or precipitates from cell supernatants as described before (2 (link), 47 (link)) with the following the antibodies; caspase-1 p20 (clone casper1; Adipogen), IL-1β (AF-401-NA; R&D Systems), gasdermin D (EPR19828; Abcam), mouse caspase-11 (17D9; Cell Signaling), Stx2 A subunit (11E10; Thermo Scientific), human gasdermin D (EPR19829; Abcam), IL-18 (Biovision), and β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich).