Trichrome stainings were performed in 5-μm paraffin midhilar renal cross-sections to assess fibrosis by a computer-aided image analysis program (AxioVision 4.8.2, Carl Zeiss Microscopy, Thornwood, NY). In each slide, trichrome staining was semiautomatically quantified in 6-10 fields, expressed as fraction of kidney surface area, and the results from all fields averaged. Glomerular score (% of sclerotic out of 100 glomeruli) was assessed as described.(24 (link)) CD31 (1:50; AbD Serotec, UK) immunofluorescence was used to investigate capillary density.(31 (link)) Microvascular remodeling was assessed by wall-to-lumen ratio using α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) staining (1:50; Dako, Glostrup, Denmark).(32 (link)) Tubular injury was scored as described previously.(33 (link)) Oxidative stress indicated by in-situ production of superoxide anion was quantified in 30 μm DHE stained slides.(34 (link))