Total RNA was extracted using RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen) or Tri Reagent (Sigma Aldrich) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Contaminating DNA was removed by DNA-free Kit DNA Removal Kit (Ambion). RNA was reverse transcribed using High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems). For Real time PCR, gene-specific primers for iNOS (20 (link)), Arg I (21 (link)), TNF-α (22 (link)), IL-10 (23 (link)), TGF-ß (24 (link)), MMP-2 (25 (link)), MMP-9 (26 (link)), Collagen-1, Collagen-3 (27 (link)), IL-6, 18S RNA (19 (link)), Fizz1/RELMα, Ym-1 (28 (link)), SPHK1, LIGHT (29 (link)), MertK (30 (link)), were used. All samples were run in triplicates. Relative gene expression levels were determined using PowerUP SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer's recommended protocol with the following thermal cycling conditions: 2 min 50°C, 2 min 95°C, 40 cycles of 1 s 95°C and 30 s 60°C, and 4°C hold (QuantStudio 3 Real-Time PCR System, Applied Biosystems). Expression of target genes was normalized to the endogenous control 18S RNA gene. Fold expression was calculated using the 2−ΔΔCt methods. In some experiments, the 2ΔCt method was used to determine relative gene expression.
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