Mouse hearts were retrogradely fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in sodium cacodylate buffer, embedded in 2% agarose, post-fixed in buffered 1% osmium tetroxide and stained in 2% uranyl acetate, dehydrated with an ethanol graded series and embedded in EMbed-812 resin as described previously8 (link). Thin sections were cut on an ultramicrotome and stained with 2% uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Images were acquired on a FEI Tecnai G2 Spirit electron microscope equipped with a LaB6 source and operating at 120 kV. Mitochondrial cross-sectional areas were traced and measured using the Multi-Measure ROI tool in ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health). Mitochondrial density was assessed by counting the number of mitochondria versus sarcomeres in a given field.