Cells were washed twice in ice-cold PBS and immediately lysed in Laemmli buffer as described previously [38 (link)]. Equal amounts of cell lysates were resolved by 10% SDS/PAGE and electro-transferred onto poly(vinylidene difluoride) membrane. Immunoblot analyses were performed as described previously [19 (link)] using the primary antibodies: mouse monoclonal anti-p53 (DO-1; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), mouse monoclonal anti-p73 (Ab-4; NeoMarkers, Fremont, CA, USA), mouse monoclonal anti-γH2AX (2F3; BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA), rabbit polyclonal anti-p21WAF1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit polyclonal anti-phospho-p53 at Ser-15 (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA, USA), rabbit polyclonal anti-RUNX2 (Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-E2F-1 (Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-PARP (Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit polyclonal anti-caspase-9 (Cell Signaling Technology) and rabbit polyclonal anti-Actin (20–33; Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA) antibodies. Immunoreactive bands were visualized by an enhanced chemiluminescence system (ECL; GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.