Right-heart catheterization was performed with the Seldinger technique. Under X-ray fluoroscopic guidance, an 8F Swan-Ganz catheter (Baxter Healthcare, Irvine, CA, USA) was induced through the right internal jugular vein. After 10 min rest, the hemodynamic parameters including sPAP, dPAP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), and cardiac output (CO) were obtained at end-expiration. The mPAP and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were calculated.
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