The P proteins of different GII.4 strains were made as described previously [19 (link)]. A cysteine-containing peptide was linked to the N (CNGRC-P) or C (P-CDCRGDCFC) terminus of the P domains to enhance P-particle formation. The cDNAs encoding the capsid P domain without the hinge were cloned into the expression vector pGEX-4T-1 (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ) between Bam HI and Not I sites. After sequence confirmation, the P proteins were expressed in E. coli following previously described procedures [35 (link),39 (link),40 (link)]. Briefly, the BL21 cultures were induced by IPTG (isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside) (0.4 mM) at room temperature (22°C) overnight. The recombinant P domain-GST fusion proteins were purified using Glutathione Sepharose 4 Fast Flow resin (GE Healthcare life Sciences, NJ, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. GST was removed from the P proteins by thrombin (GE Healthcare life Sciences, NJ, USA) cleavage on beads at room temperature overnight. The P-particle formation was confirmed by gel filtration, using a Superdex 200 (GE Healthcare Life-Sciences, Piscataway, NJ) size exclusion column, during which the P particles formed a peak at ~830 kDa [18 (link)].
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