After cells were seeds onto a 24-well plate at a density of 105 cells/well, mitochondrial membrane potential was measured as described previously [34 (link)35 (link)]. Briefly, at the indicated time points, cells were incubated with 200 nM tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester perchlorate (TMRE) in 0.1% DMSO for 20 minutes at 37℃. After washing six times with PBS, 1% Triton X-100 was added to each well. TMRE intensity for 200 µl cell lysate on a Nunc 96-well black plate (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was then quantified with the SpectraMax i3 plate reader (Molecular Devices) using 549 nm for excitation and 575 nm for emission.