hESCs were exposed to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA in DMSO; MP Biomedicals 02190269.6) at a final concentration of 1 µM in plain TESR-E8 medium supplemented with 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific 15140122). Medium was changed daily. Cells were harvested in mirVana miRNA isolation kit lysis buffer (Ambion AM1560) after 0 d (no ATRA) or 1, 3, and 5 d following ATRA induction. Real-time qPCR was used to quantify levels of mRNA expression of four selected genes as previously described in Gingold et al. (2014) (link) and Sagi et al. (2016) (link). First strand cDNA was synthesized from 100 ng of total RNA using SuperScript III RT (Thermo Fisher Scientific 18080093) and random hexamers according to the manufacturer's instructions. qPCR was performed using SYBR Green PCR master mix (Applied Biosystems 10187094) on an Applied Biosystems 7500 real-time PCR system (primer sequences are listed in Supplemental Table S1).