FC levels were determined with the same fecal sample using each of the following four kits, according to the protocol of manufacturer. Those included three standard kits; EliA® Calprotectin 2 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sweden), PhiCal® Calprotectin ELISA (Immundiagnostik, Germany)49 (link), and Buhlmann-E (BÜHLMANN fCAL® ELISA, Bühlmann, Switzerland), and also the new BÜHLMANN fCAL® turbo kit (Bühlmann, Switzerland)30 (link). All samples were measured in duplicate under the same pre-analytical conditions, with the mathematical mean used to reflect any imprecision for the patient samples. The characteristics of each kit are shown in Table S1. PhiCal assays were performed by SRL Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) as part of our previous prospective study, while the others included in the present study were performed by Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), after receiving the preserved fecal samples.
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