DNA was extracted from fecal samples or fecal donor suspensions as described previously [27 (link), 31 (link)]. In brief, DNA was quantified by using Quant-iT PicoGreen reagent (Invitrogen, UK) and adjusted to 1 ng per μL. Then, the total eubacterial loads, as well as the main bacterial groups abundant in the murine and human intestinal microbiota including enterobacteria, enterococci, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, Bacteroides/Prevotella species, Clostridium coccoides group, Clostridium leptum group, and Mouse Intestnal Bacteroides, were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) with species-, genus-, or group-specific 16S rRNA gene primers (Tib MolBiol, Germany) as described previously [10 (link), 30 (link), 32 (link)] and numbers of 16S rRNA gene copies per ng DNA of each sample determined.