ACVR1 mutations R206H and G328E were cloned into pcDNA3.1 by site-directed mutagenesis as previously described16 (link) and transfected into primary cells QCTBR059 and SU-DIPG-VI using lipofectamine (Invitrogen), with protein collected after 24 hours using standard procedures. Western blots were carried out for anti-FLAG HRP (#A8592, Sigma; 1:1000 dilution) and phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 (#9511, Cell Signalling; 1:1000) under standard conditions. Relative levels of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 were measured by Image J software (National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).