Normalized transcellular electrical resistance (TER) was measured as previously described29 (link) using electric cell–substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) Zθ (theta) instrument (Applied Biophysics, Inc., Troy, NY, USA). Briefly, a 96-well array (catalog # 96W20idf PET; Applied Biophysics, Inc.) was used and coated with cysteine and then gelatin, both for 30 minutes. Thereafter, 7500 hRECs per well were seeded in EBM2 media supplemented with 5% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin. After hRECs reached the confluency as indicated by a capacitance below 10 F, they were cultured in serum-free media overnight and then treated with AGA, albumin, or macrophage CM derived from the aforementioned groups. The electric current, passing through the hREC confluent monolayer, was measured and recorded independently in each well. The TER was measured and recorded for 30 to 35 hours at 4000-Hz current frequency. The resistance value for each well was normalized as the ratio of measured resistance at each time point to baseline resistance and plotted as a function of time.