Cultured and treated cells were lysed in radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer and subjected to Western blot analysis, as described in the previous report (Kang et al., 2018 (link)). The following primary and secondary antibodies were used for Western blotting: phospho-Smad3 (Ser423/425; C25A9) rabbit mAb (#9520; Cell Signaling Technology), phospho-Smad3 (Ser423/425) rabbit polyclonal Ab (#600–401-919; Rockland Inc.), Smad2/3 (D7G7) XP rabbit mAb (#8685; Cell Signaling Technology), SMAD3 (C67H9) rabbit mAb (#9523; Cell Signaling Technology), β-Actin (AC-15) mouse mAb (#A5441; Sigma), GAPDH (D16H11) XP rabbit mAb (#5174; Cell Signaling Technology), histone H3 (D1H2) XP rabbit mAb (#4499; Cell Signaling Technology), and FLAG (M2) mouse mAb (#F1804; Sigma). Secondary antibodies (LI-COR Biosciences) were IRDye 680RD anti-rabbit IgG (#926-68071) or IRDye 800CW anti-mouse IgG (#926-32210).