Protein lysates were isolated and concentration was determined as previously described [26 (link)]. To determine protein levels, we used the Protein Simple WES capillary western blot system (San Jose, CA, USA) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Total protein concentrations of 0.2 mg/ml was used based on prior titration. Primary antibodies were used at 1:50 dilution. The primary antibodies used were: Rabbit polyclonal anti sigma-1R NBP1–82479 from NovusBio (Centennial, CO, USA), and mouse monoclonal anti β-actin #3700 from Cell Signaling Technology (Boston, MA, USA). Anti-Rabbit and anti-mouse secondary antibodies were supplied with the WES detection module kits from Protein Simple and the manufacturer’s compass software was used for data analysis. Band images based upon the densitometry data were generated using the software for figures. The raw densitometry peaks were utilized for quantitative analyses.