Biomarkers associated with inflammation, macrophage, and lymphocyte activation were measured by magnetic bead-based multiplex according to the manufacturer’s instructions, including APRIL/TNFSF13, BAFF/TNFSF13B, sCD163, IL-2, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-25, IL-31, IL-33, IFN-γ, sCD40L, and TNF-α (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Multiplex results were analyzed with Bio-Plex Manager Software (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). sCD14 was measured by ELISA according to the manufacturer’s instructions (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) (18 (link)) and analyzed using Tecan’s Magellan™ Software (Tecan US, Morrisvillle, NC).
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