The Beck Depression Inventory Short Version (BDI-S, BDI-13 [5 (link)]) consists of 13 items assessing the severity of depression symptoms using statements scored from 0 to 3. The Farsi (Persian) version was used for this study. It was translated and validated with three nonclinical college student samples [11 (link), 12 , 15 ]. The following norms were proposed: normal (0–3); mild depression (4–7); mild to average depression (8–11); average depression (12–15); and severe depression (16–39 [12 ]). Cronbach alpha from previous studies with Iranian samples ranged from .89 to .94 [15 ].
The Beck Suicide Ideation Scale (BSIS [16 (link)]) measures suicidal thinking and consists of 19 items rated on a Likert format ranging from 0 to 2. It shows good reliability and validity in American, Turkish, and Iranian samples [17 (link)–19 (link)].
The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS [20 (link)]) measures key aspects of hopelessness and is a 20-item self-report inventory rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Khodabakhshi Koolaee et al. [21 ] translated this measure in Farsi and validated it with an Iranian adolescent sample, reporting good psychometric properties.
The Death Obsession Scale (DOS) measures death rumination, death dominance, and death idea repetition. It contains 15 items rated on a 5-point rating scale and demonstrates good validity and reliability in Iranian samples [22 (link)–24 (link)].
Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10 [25 (link)]) examines psychological distress in 10 self-report items scored on a 5-point Likert scale. In an Iranian sample, its Cronbach alpha was .88 and one-week test-retest reliability was .83 [26 ].
General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) is a screening tool of mental health scored on a 4-point Likert-type scale. It shows good reliability and validity in Iranian samples as indicated by high positive correlations with similar scales (K10) and Cronbach alpha of .92 [27 (link), 28 ].
The Beck Suicide Ideation Scale (BSIS [16 (link)]) measures suicidal thinking and consists of 19 items rated on a Likert format ranging from 0 to 2. It shows good reliability and validity in American, Turkish, and Iranian samples [17 (link)–19 (link)].
The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS [20 (link)]) measures key aspects of hopelessness and is a 20-item self-report inventory rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Khodabakhshi Koolaee et al. [21 ] translated this measure in Farsi and validated it with an Iranian adolescent sample, reporting good psychometric properties.
The Death Obsession Scale (DOS) measures death rumination, death dominance, and death idea repetition. It contains 15 items rated on a 5-point rating scale and demonstrates good validity and reliability in Iranian samples [22 (link)–24 (link)].
Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10 [25 (link)]) examines psychological distress in 10 self-report items scored on a 5-point Likert scale. In an Iranian sample, its Cronbach alpha was .88 and one-week test-retest reliability was .83 [26 ].
General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) is a screening tool of mental health scored on a 4-point Likert-type scale. It shows good reliability and validity in Iranian samples as indicated by high positive correlations with similar scales (K10) and Cronbach alpha of .92 [27 (link), 28 ].
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