Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was measured by Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) staining (Beyotime, Nantong, China). Rh123 can selectively enter the mitochondria at full membrane potential and remain in the mitochondria [13 (link),14 (link)]. After indicated treatment, cells were incubated with 5 µg/mL Rh123 at 37 °C for 30 min in the dark. The samples were immediately analyzed at excitation wavelength of 507 nm and emission wavelength of 529 nm using a fluorescence microscope.
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