Cell Culture and Chemokine Signaling

M199 medium, Rowell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin, and streptomycin were purchased from Life Technologies, Inc. (Grand Island, NY, USA). The RNA extraction kit was purchased from Intron Biotechnology (Seoul, Republic of Korea). FMN1, ITGA2, COL13A1, VEGFC, NRG1, and β-actin oligonucleotide primers and ITGA2 and VEGFC siRNA were purchased from Bioneer Technology (Seoul, Republic of Korea). 2-mercaptoethanol and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO, USA). CCR2 antagonist RS102895 was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). CCR5 antagonist fuscin (3,4,7,9-Tetrahydroxy-6-methyl-1H-phenalen-1-one) was purchased from Adipogen Life Sciences (San Diego, CA, USA). JNK inhibitor SP600125, PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002, and JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor AG490 were obtained from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and CellTracker^TM were obtained from Invitrogen (Grand Island, NY, USA). Recombinant human CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and CCL5 were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).