Chondrocyte Differentiation Pathway Reagents

Sodium phosphate (NaH₂PO4 and Na₂HPO4), ascorbic acid, alizarin red S, cetylpyridinium chloride, silver nitrate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid, NP-40, and sodium deoxycholate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Penicillin-streptomycin antibiotic mixture and FBS were purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY, USA). DMEM and Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS) were purchased from Welgene (Daegu, Korea). Phosphatase- and protease-inhibitor cocktails were purchased from Roche Diagnostics (Manheim, Germany). Antibodies specific for Bax, Bcl-2, and α-SMA were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Antibodies against Runx2 and Pit-1 were obtained from Proteintech Group (Chicago, IL, USA). Anti-β-actin and anti-SM22α were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA), respectively. A polyclonal APE1/Ref-1 antibody generated by immunizing rabbits with recombinant human APE1/Ref-1 was prepared in our laboratory [26 (link)].