The wound-healing assay was conducted to evaluate cell migration ability: 3 × 105 cells per well were seeded in triplicate into six-well plates and cultured for 24 h. The cell surface was scratched with a pipette tip. The suspended cells were washed off with PBS and cultured with fresh DMEM medium without serum for an additional 24 h. The area of the cell crawling from the scratch toward the center is observed under a microscope, and the size of the area indicates the cell’s ability to migrate (20 (link)). The migration distance was analyzed by Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software.
Cell invasion assays were performed using Transwell chambers (8-μm pore size; Corning, United States) coated with Matrigel matrix (BD Biosciences, United States). A detailed experiment was performed similar to that previously reported (21 (link)). The invaded cells were counted with a fluorescence inversion microscope (Olympus, Japan) at 200× magnification. Six fields per well were randomly selected under the microscope, and the average number of cells in each field was calculated.
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