Minimal medium (MM) [22 (link)] was used for penetration assays. The VdaSm cultures were incubated on a cellophane membrane (DINGGUO, Beijing, China), which was overlaid onto MM. To determine if any VdaSm penetrated the cellophane, the hyphae were observed in the medium after removing the membranes. The experiments for each colony were repeated independently at least three times. For hyphopodium detection, the mycelium was grown on cellophane for 2 days and observed as previously described [22 (link)]. The protocol of plasma membrane staining using FM4-64 (ThermoFisher, Shanghai, China), ER-Tracker (ThermoFisher, Shanghai, China) staining and protein localization assays have been described [22 (link),31 (link)].
To observe the infection process of VdaSm, eggplant roots (Hang No. 1) were inoculated for 8 days and sectioned. Fluorescent photographs were captured using a Leica SP8 confocal laser scanning microscope system [21 (link),22 (link)].
To observe the infection process of VdaSm, eggplant roots (Hang No. 1) were inoculated for 8 days and sectioned. Fluorescent photographs were captured using a Leica SP8 confocal laser scanning microscope system [21 (link),22 (link)].
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