Total RNA was extracted from J774A.1 cells for each group in triplicate using Qiagen's RNeasy Mini Kit and was reverse transcribed using iScript cDNA Synthesis Kit (BioRad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). Polymerase chain reaction was performed using Piko-Real (Thermofisher, Fremont CA, USA) for RNA expression levels of genes of interest, namely, lactate dehydrogenase A and B isoforms (LDHA/B) and monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 isoforms (MCT1/4), using Taqman probes (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) as described previously 11 (link). β-actin was used as the housekeeping gene, and the relative difference from the control cells was calculated for each primer/probe combination.