Detection of 4-44+ AFCs (35 (link)) and NP-specific AFCs using ELISpot has been described (50 (link)). Briefly, Immulon 4 plates were coated with either anti-mouse IgM (B7-6, produced in lab) or polyclonal anti-mouse IgG2a (Southern Biotech) for 4-44 AFCs or with NP2-BSA or NP16-BSA and blocked with PBS and 1% BSA. NP-BSA conjugates were produced and characterized as described (49 (link)). Splenocytes were incubated at 37 degrees with 5% CO2 for 4.5-6 hours. 4-44+ AFCs were enumerated by detection with 4-44 biotin and Streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase while NP AFCs were detected using anti-IgM or anti-IgG1 alkaline phosphatase (Southern Biotech). Color was developed using 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP) in agarose. AFCs were counted using a dissecting microscope.