After rats were anesthetized (2% isoflurane), a small slit was cut in the atlanto-occipital membrane, and a 6–7-cm piece of saline-filled PE-10 tubing was inserted. We confirmed intrathecal drug delivery by injecting lidocaine (400 µg/20 µl, Hospira, Lake Forest, IL), which resulted in a temporary motor paralysis of the lower limbs.19 (link),20 (link)