Modulating Cell Signaling Pathways

Human LAC cell lines A549, H1299, H1975, and human normal bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells were purchased from the ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (HyClone, Logan, UT, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (HyClone, Logan, UT, USA) and 100 U/ml penicillin–streptomycin (HyClone, Logan, UT, USA). The cells were maintained in a humidified 37 °C incubator with a 5% CO₂ atmosphere. UK5099 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), a MPC1 inhibitor, cells were treated with UK5099 with 40 μM for 48 h^{6 (link)}. IL-6 (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA), a STAT3 specific agonist, cells were treated with indicated dose for 24 h.