Single-cell suspensions of osteoclasts were collected after passing through a 40 µm cell strainer (BD Bioscience), incubated with Fc receptor block (#101319; Biolegend) for 10 min, and then incubated with CoraLite 488–conjugated galectin-3 polyclonal antibody (rabbit anti-mouse antibody; CL488-14979; Proteintech; epitopes mapped throughout the full-length protein), eFluor 660–conjugated anti–galectin-3 monoclonal antibody (rabbit anti-mouse antibody; #50-5301-82; Thermo Fisher Scientific; clone M3/38, epitopes mapped within the N-terminal region), PE-conjugated anti–galectin-1 antibody (goat anti-mouse antibody; IC1245P; R&D), or the corresponding rabbit and goat isotype control (#31235; #31245; Invitrogen) in flow cytometry staining buffer (eBioscience) for 30 min at 4°C. For Mitotracker Green staining, cells were incubated with 100 nM Mitotracker Green (M7514; Invitrogen) in HBSS for 45 min. Then, cells were subjected to flow cytometry analysis on a FACS Canto II (BD Bioscience). Data analysis was carried out using FlowJo software.