Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HK-2 cells in response to HG treatment was detected as described previously.11 (link) The HK-2 cells were plated on six-well plates at 5×104 cells per well, cultured overnight, and then pretreated with or without NHE1/PKG inhibitor before being incubated with 30 mM HG. DMSO and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4HPR) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used as controls. After 48 h of incubation, the cells were harvested, washed in PBS, and then loaded with 50 µM 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) at 37℃ for 10 min. Fluorescence was detected using a FACSCanto cytometer (BD) on the FL1 channel and analyzed with FACSDiva 6.0 software.