Bone models (Sawbones® USA), coordinate measuring machine (Absolute arm, Hexagon Manufacturing Intelligence [Qingdao] Co. LTD, China), PSI system, bench clamp, THA surgical tool (Zimmer Biomet Holdings, Inc., USA), Xishan Surgical Power Unit (DK‐O‐MCS, Chongqing Xishan Technology Co. LTD, China), THA robot system (TiRobot Recon, Beijing TINAVI medical Technology Co. LTD, China), Materialize mimics (Version 21.0, Materialize, Belgium), Materialize 3‐Matic (Version 13.0, Materialize, Belgium), SPSS (Version 26.0, IBM, USA).