Vulnerability Assessment of Marine Species in Portugal

The list of species for the vulnerability assessment was based on five different criteria. First, we considered the proportion of each species in the total Portuguese landings between 1989 and 2015, using public landings data from the Direção Geral dos Recursos Marinhos de Portugal (DGRM). The most landed species, accounting for 95% of purse seine, 70% of trawling and 70% of the multigear landings, were included. This selection was carried out separately for each combination of gear and region (Supplementary Table SI1-1). Second, species were chosen in regards of their economic relevance, considering the species representing more than 3% of the total economic revenue of the marine landings within each combination of region and gear (DGRM, Supplementary Table SI1-2). Third, we included the most frequent species in the discards of Portuguese fisheries, according to the work of Leitão et al.^{42 (link)}, where the top-ten discarded species per métier are listed (Supplementary Table SI1-3). Fourth, we included the species of importance for the canning industry, obtained by means of a survey covering the main can enterprises of Portugal (Supplementary Table SI1-5). Fifth, a selection of the species of relevance for the Moroccan fisheries sector was carried out, using the reports from the Department of Marine Fisheries of the Kingdom of Morocco⁴³ and the FAO software FishStatJ (most captured species between 2007 and 2017⁴⁴ ) (Supplementary Table SI1-6). Additionally, due to their importance for specific fleet segments, we included some shark species of interest that were not included by the previous criteria. The selection of shark species was based on reports from the Instituto Português do Mar e as Pescas (IPMA) and included: Galeus melastomus, Prionace glauca, Squalus acanthias, Scyliorhinus canicula, and Hexanchus griseus. Some riverine species were finally removed from the list (Petromyzon marinus, Salmo trutta), as well as cod (Gadus morhua), since it is not captured within the area of study. Finally, some extra species were pointed out by experts during the evaluation process as species with economic interest (Pollicipes pollicipes) or with potential distribution shift into/from the area of study in the context of climate change such as the bivalves Callista chione and Ruditapes philippinarum, and the crabs Callinectes sapidus and Carcinus maenas. The final list of species considered, and their functional group are shown in Table 1.Table 1

Species and functional groups considered during the climate change vulnerability assessment.

Functional group	Species number	Species	Functional group	Species number	Species
Cephalopods	1	Sepia officinalis	Large flatfishes	38	Scophthalmus maximus
	2	Octopus vulgaris	Medium flatfishes	39	Scophthalmus rhombus
	3	Loligo vulgaris		40	Solea solea
	4	Illex coindetii	Large pelagics	41	Sarda sarda
Large bathydemersals	5	Lepidopus caudatus		42	Thunnus thynnus
	6	Lophius piscatorius	Medium pelagics	43	Trachurus trachurus
Medium bathypelagics	7	Brama brama		44	Scomber scombrus
Large benthopelagics	8	Aphanopus carbo		45	Scomber colias
	9	Salmo salar		46	Belone belone
Medium benthopelagics	10	Micromesistius poutassou	Small pelagics	47	Sardina pilchardus
	11	Trisopterus luscus		48	Engraulis encrasicolus
	12	Trachurus picturatus		49	Sardinella spp.
	13	Pagellus erythrinus	Large rays	50	Raja clavata
	14	Spondyliosoma cantharus	Large sharks	51	Centroscymnus coelolepis
	15	Diplodus vulgaris		52	Prionace glauca
	16	Pagellus acarne		53	Squalus acanthias
	17	Lithognathus mormyrus		54	Scyliorhinus canicula
	18	Chelon auratus		55	Hexanchus griseus
Large demersals	19	Merluccius merluccius	Crabs	56	Callinectes sapidus
	20	Conger conger		57	Necora puber
	21	Dicentrarchus labrax		58	Maja squinado
	22	Anguilla anguilla		59	Carcinus maenas
Medium demersals	23	Sparus aurata	Lobsters	60	Homarus gammarus
	24	Mullus surmuletus		61	Palinurus elephas
	25	Diplodus sargus		62	Nephrops norvegicus
	26	Chelidonichthys lucerna	Shrimps	63	Parapenaeus longirostris
	27	Umbrina cirrosa		64	Aristeus antennatus
	28	Boops boops		65	Palaemon serratus
	29	Trachinus draco	Bivalves	66	Callista chione
	30	Chelidonichthys obscurus		67	Cerastoderma edule
	31	Scorpaena notata		68	Ruditapes decussatus
	32	Halobatrachus didactylus		69	Ruditapes philippinarum
	33	Cynoscion regalis		70	Spisula solida
Small demersals	34	Microchirus azevia		71	Ensis siliqua
	35	Macroramphosus scolopax		72	Donax trunculus
	36	Capros aper		73	Mytilus galloprovincialis
	37	Spicara maena	Barnacles	74	Pollicipes pollicipes