Urine F2-Isoprostane Quantification

Urine samples were collected by either free catch or cystocentesis. After centrifugation (400 rcf for 5 min at room temperature), 1 mL aliquots were made and immediately frozen at −80 °C until analysis as a single batch. F₂-IsoP (specifically the 15-F_2t-isoprostane isomer) was quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy at the Eicosanoid Core Laboratory at Vanderbilt University (Nashville, TN, USA), following methods based on their published protocol [21 (link)] and outlined in Supplementary File S2. Final F₂-IsoP concentrations were normalized against urinary creatinine (UCr) concentrations and reported in units ng/mg UCr.