Mitochondrial ATP content was determined using the ATP Bioluminescence Assay Kit HS II (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, IN). Freshly isolated mitochondrial pellets were extracted according to manufacturer’s instructions with some modifications (Singh, Englander, 2012 (link)), sonicated (Sonic Dismembrator Model 100, Fisher Scientific) and centrifuged at 16000 g for 8 minutes at 4°C. The supernatant was collected, diluted with Tris-acetate buffer pH 7.6 and 50 μl aliquots were transferred to black microtiter plates and mixed with equal volume of the luciferase reagent (ATP Bioluminescence Assay Kit HS lI). Measurements of luminescence were at 5-second integration time (TECAN Genios plate reader). ATP amounts were calculated from log-log graphs generated for ATP standard using Magellan software and normalized to mitochondrial protein.