The total RNA of cell lines and tissues were extracted using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and were reverse transcribed to cDNA via one-step RT-PCR kit (TransGen Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed in an Applied Biosystems 7500 Detection system with SYBR Green (TransGen Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China). The relative mRNA levels of genes were normalized to peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA) [32 (link)] using the 2-ΔΔCT method. The primer sequences are given in Additional file 1: Table S2.
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