ELISAs were performed using 96 well Nunc-Immuno MaxiSorp plates (Thermo Fisher) coated with dsDNA (Sigma-Aldrich), phosphorylcholine (PC)-10 (Sigma-Aldrich), Sm/RNP (Arotec Diagnostic), or Qβ-VLP (1μg/ml in PBS) (23 (link)). Plates were blocked with 1% BSA in PBS prior to incubation with diluted serum or supernatant. Specific antibodies were detected using goat anti-mouse IgM-, IgG-, or IgG2c -HRP (SouthernBiotech) and peroxidase reactions were developed using OptEIA TMB substrate (BD Biosciences) and stopped with 2N H2SO4. Absorbance at 450nm was read using a SpectraMax 190 microplate reader (Molecular Devices) and data analyzed using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, Inc.). Autoantigen microarrays were performed at the UT Southwestern Medical Center Microarry Core Facility, Dallas, TX (24 (link)).