Colocalization of dynein with Kv7.4 or caveolin-1 and caveolin-1 with Kv7.4 was studied with PLA in HEK293B cells stably expressing Kv7.4 and Kv7.4-Q580A or freshly isolated rat mesenteric artery myocytes using the Duolink in situ (PLA) detection kit 563 (Olink) per the manufacturer’s instructions. Similar to previous studies (Zhong et al., 2010a (link); Brueggemann et al., 2014 (link); Chadha et al., 2014 (link); Jepps et al., 2015 (link); Stott et al., 2016 (link); Barrese et al., 2020 (link)), cells were allowed to adhere to coverslips and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS. Cells were permeabilized in PBST, blocked in Duolink blocking solution, and incubated with pairs of primary antibodies. The primary antibodies employed were dynein (ab23905; Abcam), Kv7.4 (ab65797; Abcam), caveolin-1 (1:500 ab17052; Abcam), caveolin-1 (C3237; Sigma-Aldrich), and NCX (R3F1; Swant). Combinations of secondary anti-rabbit or anti-mouse antibodies of PLA PLUS and MINUS probes were used followed by hybridization, ligation, and amplification steps. Colocalization signals (proteins located within 40 nm of each other) were visualized with a standard Zeiss LSM710 upright laser-scanning confocal microscope.