Characterization of Phytochemicals in SZ-A Extract

DNJ (purity >99.0%) and SZ-A extract (Lot No.: J202004007, containing 36.88% of DNJ, 8.78% of FA, and 5.83% of DAB; Lot No.: J202108007, containing 36.52% of DNJ, 9.60% of FA, and 7.62% of DAB) were provided by Beijing Wehand-bio Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China). The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) chromatogram of SZ-A is shown in Supplementary Figure S1. Miglitol was obtained from TCI Shanghai Chemical Industrial Development Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). FA (purity >98.0%) was purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, United States ). DAB (purity >98.0%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States ). Human liver microsomes (HLMs) were purchased from Reid Liver Disease Research (Shanghai, China). Glucose-6-phosphate, oxidized coenzyme H (β-NADP), Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, midazolam, phenacetin, dextromethorphan, mephenytoin, chlorzoxazone, diclofenac sodium, 1-Hydroxy-midazolam, 4-hydroxy-mephenytoin, acetaminophen, 4-Hydroxy-diclofenac sodium, demethyldextromethorphan, 6-Hydroxy-chlorzoxazone, furaphylline, sulfafenpyrazole, quinidine, ketoconazole, and sodium diethyldithiacarbamate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States ). All other organic reagents were of analytical grade and purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China).