SNPs that were significantly (P < 1×10-5) associated with the different types of malignant brain tumors were selected as IVs. Since the number of independent SNPs of malignant brain tumors was limited, we selected eligible SNPs by relaxing the GWAS P threshold to 1×10-5 when it was treated as exposure. Independent variables from each other were retained based on European ancestry reference data from the 1000 Genomes Project (linkage disequilibrium (LD), r2 < 0.001). As above, we also used the PhenoScanner tool to manually remove SNPs and their proxies (r2 > 0.80) that were significantly (P <5×10-8) associated with potential confounders of the VEGF-malignant relationship based on published studies: white cell (31 (link), 32 (link)). One SNP (rs147958197) for malignant brain tumors was associated with monocyte count, monocyte percentage of white cells or granulocyte percentage of myeloid white cells.
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