Surveys were performed in malaria-endemic areas along the Thailand–Myanmar border, in western Cambodia, and south-western Vietnam (Fig. 1). In these areas, malaria transmission is low, heterogeneous, and seasonal with entomological inoculation rates generally below one/person/year. The majority of clinical cases occur during the rainy season between May and December [6 (link)–9 (link)]. Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum have historically each comprised approximately half the clinical cases, although with recent reductions in overall malaria incidence, P. vivax now predominates [10 (link)]. The region has been recognized as the origin of anti-malarial drug resistance in P. falciparum to chloroquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and mefloquine. More recently, P. falciparum strains with reduced susceptibility to artemisinins have been detected in this region [11 (link)–14 (link)].
South East Asia, with markers for the position of the study sites in Thailand–Myanmar border areas, Cambodia and two sites in Vietnam
Imwong M., Nguyen T.N., Tripura R., Peto T.J., Lee S.J., Lwin K.M., Suangkanarat P., Jeeyapant A., Vihokhern B., Wongsaen K., Van Hue D., Dong L.T., Nguyen T.U., Lubell Y., von Seidlein L., Dhorda M., Promnarate C., Snounou G., Malleret B., Rénia L., Keereecharoen L., Singhasivanon P., Sirithiranont P., Chalk J., Nguon C., Hien T.T., Day N., White N.J., Dondorp A, & Nosten F. (2015). The epidemiology of subclinical malaria infections in South-East Asia: findings from cross-sectional surveys in Thailand–Myanmar border areas, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Malaria Journal, 14, 381.
Other organizations :
Mahidol University, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Cambodia National Malaria Center, Churchill Hospital
Incidence of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum
Susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial drugs (chloroquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, mefloquine, artemisinins)
control variables
None explicitly mentioned
controls
No positive or negative controls are mentioned in the given information.
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