Studies were included if they were: (1) PET or fMRI studies, (2) performed on healthy volunteers, (3) focused on cued fear conditioning and/or extinction. Furthermore, exclusion criteria were: (1) pharmacological modulation, (2) subliminal or masked presentation, (3) context conditioning, (4) combination of fear conditioning with other experimental tasks, such as cognitive-demanding working-memory tasks. Inclusion criteria were applied independently by two reviewers. Specific experimental designs for fear conditioning in fMRI and PET were compared, focusing on the impact of critical experimental variables, such as timing parameters, the contingency rate, or characteristics of the stimuli, on neuroimaging results.
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