Migration assays were performed as previously described13 (link), 32 (link). Briefly, transwell 12 well plates (8 µm pores, Corning) with fibronectin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) were seeded with 5 × 105 colon cancer cells per well. Cells were treated with either activin A (10 ng/ml) or TGF-β (10 ng/ml) or follistatin (100 ng/ml) for 30 minutes and TGF-β (10 ng/ml) was added. Cells were then allowed to migrate for 6 hours, stained, and imaged. Images from 5 microscopic fields at the center of each well were counted using ImageJ software48 (link).
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