Glucose Uptake Mechanism Evaluation

2-NBDLG (23003-v, Peptide Institute), 2-NBDG (23002-v, Peptide Institute), 2-TRLG (Peptide Institute), phloretin (P7912, Sigma), cytochalasin B (C6762, Sigma), phlorizin (P3449, Sigma) and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, 049-18801, Wako) were prepared as described previously [18 (link)]. cytochalasin B was used to examine an involvement of GLUTs in the uptake of glucose tracers, since it acts as a specific antagonist of GLUTs when applied briefly in a low dose [11 (link)]. phlorizin was used to inhibit SGLTs [2 (link)]. In all experiments, 100 μM of carbenoxolone (C4790, Sigma) was routinely added to exclude non-specific permeation of the fluorescent tracers through gap junctions/hemichannels [28 (link)]. d-glucose and l-glucose were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical (049-31165) and Tokyo Chemical Industry (921-60-8), respectively.