For PL measurement, a 514-nm Ar ion laser was used to excite each sample at the same power (80 µW), with light collected by a 50× objective lens, passed through a 550-nm long-pass filter, and analyzed by a spectrometer and Si charge-coupled device. PL QY and EL data for this study were collected using a homebuilt optical system (18 (link)). Briefly, PL QY measurements were calibrated using a ThorLabs SLS201 calibration lamp reflected off a Lambertian surface under the objective, followed with the measurement of system response by collection of the diffusely reflected excitation beam by the system spectrometer and cross-calibration with the lamp.