At each endpoint the lungs were flushed with PBS supplemented with 0.5 mM EDTA (Life Technologies) three times using 1 ml for adults and 200 μl for neonates. For cAMP quantification BAL was performed using PBS. BAL cells were enumerated on counting slides (Immunesystems) using trypan blue and transferred onto microscope slides using Cytospin 4 centrifuge (ThermoFisher). Slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (Quick-Diff staining, Reagena). Cells were categorized as macrophages, lymphocytes/monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils based on morphology, coloring and size under a light microscope22 (link),58 .