The hydrated graphene enclosed environments were obtained by first creating a graphene TEM grid by transferring graphene to a TEM grid using cellulose acetate butyrate 54 (link) followed by a dry-cleaning procedure 55 (link) at 310 °C overnight. This is the basis of the liquid cell. The top graphene layer for encapsulation was fabricated using a polymer-free transfer method 56 (link) , which provides a flat top surface to the hydrated environment which then adapts to the morphology of the target. The main steps are described in detail in refs 57 (link) and 26 (link) to prepare the base TEM grid and the creation of the encapsulated environments respectively 58 .
The commercial based TEM grids used throughout the different experiments to create the hydrated encapsulated environments were Au-Flat (2/2) 300 Mesh, 45nm Thick from Protochips and Au Quantifoil R1.2/1.3 300 mesh from Quantifoil.
The commercial based TEM grids used throughout the different experiments to create the hydrated encapsulated environments were Au-Flat (2/2) 300 Mesh, 45nm Thick from Protochips and Au Quantifoil R1.2/1.3 300 mesh from Quantifoil.
