GZZSZTW was obtained from the Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine (Changchun, China). The formulation of GZZSZTW consisted of 7 types of CMM; namely, Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC., Spatholobus suberectus Dunn, Epimedium brevicornu Maxim (K.S.Hao), Raphanus sativus L. (Hook. f. & T. Anderson) (baked), Drynaria fortunei (Kunze ex Mett.) J.Sm. (baked), Cynomorium coccineum subsp. songaricum (Rupr.) (J.Léonard), and Cibotium barometz (L.) (J.Sm). Since GZZSZTW is orally administered in the form of pills prepared in boiled water, preparation of GZZSZTW aqueous extract was performed as follows: the CMM mixture of this formula was extracted with distilled water by a reflux method and was then filtered through a 0.45-μm Hollow Fiber Cartridge (GE Healthcare, USA). The filtrate was freeze-dried by a Heto PowerDry LL3000 Freeze Dryer (Thermo, USA) and stored at − 80 °C. Quality control was carried out by a high-performance lipid chromatography (HPLC) using a 2695 liquid chromatography system (Waters, USA) as previously described [6 (link)].
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