Total RNA was extracted from the tumor cells and tissues using TRIzol (Sigma) reagent according to a previously described protocol 29 (link). A NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo, USA) was used to quantify the concentrations of the RNA. Total RNA was then reverse transcribed to complementary DNA (cDNA) using a miScript II RT kit (TaKaRa Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China), and qPCR was performed using TB Green® Premix Ex Taq™ (RR820A, Takara, Japan) and a Bio-Rad real-time PCR instrument.
The primer sequences are listed in Supplementary Table 1.
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