Western blotting assay was conducted as previously described (17 (link)). Extractions of VSMCs and artery tissues were lysed with RIPA buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Shanghai). Protein samples were segregated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to a poly-vinylidene fluoride membrane (Millipore, Billerica, MA). Primary antibodies against VRK1, β-catenin, phospho (p)-mTORSer2448, mTOR, p-S6Ser235/236, S6, p-4EBP1Thr37/46, 4EBP1, Caspase 3, Caspase 9 and GAPDH were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). Quantitative analysis of protein band was performed by using Image J software (Bethesda, MA).